If the universe were much older, all the suns would have burned out, and we wouldn’t be here either. If the universe were much younger, those elements would not be available and we wouldn’t be here. Why? Because, the authors argue, elements necessary to organic molecules are cooked inside stars. For example, the cosmos has to be about 15 billion years old. Even if there is noncarbon life elsewhere in the universe, the fact that we are carbon imposes a variety of tight restraints on the universe and its past. The laws of nature clearly must be such as to permit, if not actually force, the formation of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), the four elements essential to life as we know it.ĭoes this mean that all life must be carbon based? Although the authors believe this, it does not follow from WAP. It merely proclaims that because we exist the universe must be so constructed as to allow us to have evolved. As Barrow and Tipler readily admit, it is a trivial tautology, totally noncontroversial. Although it goes back to Protagoras’s famous declaration that “man is the measure of all things,” its modern cosmological form seems first to have been stated by the physicist Robert Dicke in the late 1950s. The simplest of the four is called (the authors are fond of acronyms) WAP, or the Weak Anthropic Principle. Each is more speculative than the previous one, with the fourth blasting the authors out of science altogether into clouds of metaphysics and fantasy. Just what is this “anthropic principle” that has become so fashionable among a minority of cosmologists, and is arousing such passionate controversy? As the authors make clear in their introduction, there is not one principle but four. No one can plow through this well-written, painstakingly researched tome without absorbing vast chunks of information about QM (quantum mechanics), the latest cosmic models, and the history of philosophical views that bear on the book’s main arguments. Physicist John Wheeler provides an enthusiastic foreword. They are John Barrow, astronomer at the University of Sussex, and Frank Tipler, Tulane University mathematical physicist. The campaign ID.It has been observed that cosmologists are often wrong but seldom uncertain, and the authors of this long, fascinating, exasperating book are no exceptions. "pla_with_pog" if the click is coming from a Purchases on Google-enabled Shopping ad.“pla_with_promotion” if the clicked Shopping ad displayed a merchant promotion.“pla_multichannel” if the clicked Shopping ad included options for both “online” and “local” shopping channels.“pla” if the click is coming from a Shopping ad.Travel advertisers can apply conditional rates to specific users (for example, loyalty members), specific devices (for example, discount for mobile users), and specific countries. The identifier of any special price that was clicked on. “travel_promoted” if the click was on a property promotion ad.“travel_booking” if the click was on a booking module.The type of Travel ad that was clicked on. The two-letter language code that specifies the display language of the ad. Hover over any entry in the "Tracking template" column.Use the horizontal scroll bar at the bottom to scroll across the table to find the added column.Expand the "Attributes" option and click Tracking template.Click the column icon above the statistics table, then click Modify columns.Add the “Tracking template” column to your table.Click the Settings tab at the top and select “Campaign Settings”.Click the Campaigns drop down in the section menu.In your Google Ads account, click the Campaigns icon.
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